It’s one
hell of a mystery.
At the very heart of our existence.
Scientists have clearly
been able to see what happens but why it happens is anybody’s guess. Whenever I
read about it, the mathematics of course goes at right angles to my brain, by
the metaphysical connotation inspires me. The quantum world defies intuition.
The
two-slit experiment is perhaps the most simple way to highlight the mystery. If
you shoot small solid steel balls (say) through a wall which has a hole, then
on the other side you will see a pattern of hits emerge where the balls have
gone through the hole and reached the other side. Similarly if you send a water
wave through this wall with 1 hole, a wave pattern will emerge on the other
side.
If the same is repeated with a wall with two holes, the solid balls will
produce two distinct patterns on the other side, parallel to the two holes. Whereas the water waves will produce a "diffraction" pattern – big lines where the crests of the wave1 out of hole 1
merge with wave 2 out of hole 2 and nothing where the crest and troughs of these
waves cancel out. Something like that. But what is important is that the pattern
on the other side of the wall with two holes is clearly different for a wave
versus a solid particle.
So this same
experiment was then done with electrons. When we shoot an electron across a
wall with 1 hole, it produces a pattern similar to a solid, as expected. Cool. Nothing
creepy thus far.
However when we shoot electrons across a wall with two
holes, to everyone’s shock it produces a wave type pattern on the other side. How
can this be? How can a solid particle produce a wave type pattern when there
are two holes? Even if we slow down the
electron gun so that only 1 electron can pass through the hole at any one time,
and we look at the pattern, it is again a wave pattern. If we close 1 hole just before the electrons
can enter them, then the electron will produce a particle type pattern. If we
open both holes at the last moment then it produces a wave type pattern. The
whole experiment gets a notch higher on creepy, when we put someone to observe
the electrons. To see which damn hole are they passing through. Think of eyes
just before the holes. As soon as we introduce an observer in the mix, with two
holes, the electron will clearly produce a particle like pattern and forget
that it was a wave. Remove the observer
and you are back to wave type pattern.
It is as if
the electron knows that there are two
holes and it becomes a wave. It as if
the electron knows that there is an
observer and it becomes a particle, stuff it whether there are one or two holes.
Bizarre isn’t
it.
So the
smarts have done a lot of theories to explain this. One explanation being that
in the quantum world nothing is real till someone actually observes it. There
is nothing deterministic. You can only guess in terms of probabilities where an
electron can be at any given time. The
particles exist in a state of superposition i.e. many states at once. It is
like there are a number of ghost electrons in different states and when we
observe them, they collapse into one, producing the reality we see.
The fact
that superposition exists is fully verified. In fact quantum computers use
exactly this concept. Unlike a classical
bit which can either be 0 or 1, a qubit or quantum bit can be 1 and 0 at the
same time. Hence quantum computers are exponentially powerful than the normal
ones.
The other interesting
theory which tries to explain superposition and other quantum mysteries is that
there are multiple universes and an electron is in hole 1 in one universe and
hole 2 in another. Both these universes are real and at perpendicular to each
other. They get created at the instance of time when there are such quantum
choices to be made. For observers in each of these universes there is one
reality which is real. So there are no ghost particles. At the point when the
electron has to make a choice between the two holes, two universes are formed
and each of those are real.
Besides
superposition there is another interesting phenomenon called entanglement.
Simply put when quantum particles are in physical contact and then they split,
the particles get entangled invisibly. Then an action on one can instantaneously
cause an associated action on the other. Irrespective of the distance. So when a photon
splits into two and we take one of them say to the moon and the other is on
earth and we change the spin of one of them, the other’s spin will change
immediately. Again information seems to flow from one photon ("i have changed my spin") to the other at much faster than the speed of light, in defiance to the theory of relativity. The photons act as if they were physically interconnected whilst they are clearly not. Since Big bang created all
particles in the universe, there is a viewpoint that all of us are thus
entangled at the quantum level!
Quite a
world this. The small world of atomic particles. The world of quantum.
It also offers
some metaphysical inspirations:
- Reality is what you make of it
- There is a world of possibilities out there
- We make a choice when we observe and convert these possibilities into one reality
- There might be multiple universes out there
- In order to traverse to another universe we need to go back in time and then take a different fork from the point there is a split
- The world is interconnected in some invisible way
- Being kind to others is like being kind to a larger you
- Dreams might be where we go across to these perpendicular universes
Interesting.
Bizarre. Mysterious. Quantum.
